Documentation
References

References

Numbers in square brackets on every page of this site refer to this list. A locator after the number gives the page, section, equation or table, for example [1, Eq. 67.3, p. 2174].

  1. S. M. V. Gwynne, M. Ferreira, D. Nilsson and A. Robbins, “Employing the hydraulic model to assess emergency movement”, Chap. 67 in SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 6th ed., Springer, Cham, 2026, pp. 2165–2200. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-59212-6_67
  2. M. J. Spearpoint, EvacuatioNZ verification, version 2.11, 20 August 2016. Cited by section.
  3. M. J. Spearpoint, Evacuationz Exercise Guide, 6 June 2022. Page numbers are the printed page numbers (“Page | n”); the PDF page is n + 3.
  4. International Maritime Organization, Revised guidelines on evacuation analysis for new and existing passenger ships, MSC.1/Circ.1533, 6 June 2016. Tests 1–4 are in Appendix 2, paragraphs 3–6.
  5. W.-L. Tsai, Validation of EvacuatioNZ model for high-rise building analysis, Fire Engineering Research Report, University of Canterbury, 2007. Printed page numbers. The thesis uses EvacuatioNZ version 1.2.
  6. M. Arnott, M. Spearpoint, S. Gwynne and A. Templeton, “Counterflow in computational evacuation modelling: the hydraulic model, modelling tools and trials”, Proceedings of the Fire and Evacuation Modeling Technical Conference (FEMTC), 2022. files.thunderheadeng.com/femtc/2022_d2-12-arnott-paper.pdf
  7. M. J. Spearpoint, “Comparative verification exercises on a probabilistic network model for building evacuation”, Journal of Fire Sciences 27(5), 409–430, 2009. doi:10.1177/0734904109105373
  8. M. J. Spearpoint, “Network modeling of The Station Nightclub fire evacuation”, Journal of Fire Protection Engineering 22(3), 157–181, 2012. The paper uses EvacuatioNZ version 2.3. doi:10.1177/1042391512447044
  9. M. J. Spearpoint and X. Xiang, “Calculating evacuation times from lecture theatre type rooms using a network model”, Fire Safety Science 10, 599–612, 2011. doi:10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.10-599
  10. E. D. Kuligowski, R. D. Peacock, P. A. Reneke, E. Weiss, C. R. Hagwood, K. J. Overholt, R. P. Elkin, J. D. Averill, E. Ronchi, B. L. Hoskins and M. Spearpoint, Movement on stairs during building evacuations, NIST Technical Note 1839, 2014. The report uses EvacuatioNZ version 2.8. doi:10.6028/NIST.TN.1839
  11. S. M. V. Gwynne, E. D. Kuligowski, M. Spearpoint and E. Ronchi, “Bounding defaults in egress models”, Fire and Materials 39(4), 335–352, 2015. doi:10.1002/fam.2212
  12. M. J. Spearpoint, EvacuatioNZ online user manual, evacuationz.wordpress.com, accessed 9 October 2026. Cited as the online manual in [2].
  13. S. M. V. Gwynne and E. R. Rosenbaum, “Employing the hydraulic model in assessing emergency movement”, Chap. 59 in SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 5th ed., Springer, New York, 2016, pp. 2115–2151. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0_59
  14. R. L. Francis and P. B. Saunders, EVACNET: Prototype network optimization models for building evacuation, NBSIR 79-1738, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C., October 1979. Printed page numbers. [17, p. 82] gives the report number as 79-1593. doi:10.6028/NBS.IR.79-1738
  15. R. F. Fahy, “EXIT89: An evacuation model for high-rise buildings”, Fire Safety Science 3, 815–823, 1991. doi:10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.3-815
  16. S. Gwynne, E. R. Galea, M. Owen, P. J. Lawrence and L. Filippidis, “A review of the methodologies used in the computer simulation of evacuation from the built environment”, Building and Environment 34(6), 741–749, 1999. Cited as [6] in [7] with a different author order. The review classes EXIT89 as treating the population as a homogeneous ensemble (§2.3, p. 745); the EXIT89 paper records each occupant’s location [15, pp. 815, 818]. doi:10.1016/S0360-1323(98)00057-2
  17. E. D. Kuligowski, “Review of 28 egress models”, §4.4 in R. D. Peacock and E. D. Kuligowski (eds.), Workshop on Building Occupant Movement During Fire Emergencies, June 10–11, 2004, NIST Special Publication 1032, 2005, pp. 66–88. Page numbers are the printed footers; [7] gives pp. 68–90. doi:10.6028/NIST.SP.1032
  18. M. J. Spearpoint (ed.), Fire Engineering Design Guide, 3rd ed., New Zealand Centre for Advanced Engineering, Christchurch, 2008. ISBN 978-0-908993-42-0. Printed page numbers; the PDF page is n + 24. Cited as [11] in [7].
  19. V. O. Shestopal and S. J. Grubits, “Evacuation model for merging traffic flows in multi-room and multi-storey buildings”, Fire Safety Science 4, 625–632, 1994. doi:10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.4-625
  20. T. M. Kisko and R. L. Francis, “EVACNET+: A computer program to determine optimal building evacuation plans”, Fire Safety Journal 9(2), 211–220, 1985. doi:10.1016/0379-7112(85)90009-8
  21. F. P. D. Navin and R. J. Wheeler, “Pedestrian flow characteristics”, Traffic Engineering 39(9), 30–36, 1969.
  22. J. J. Fruin, “Designing for pedestrians: a level-of-service concept”, Highway Research Record 355, 1–15, 1971.
  23. J. J. Fruin, Pedestrian Planning and Design, rev. ed., Elevator World, Mobile, AL, 1987. Printed page numbers.
  24. C. Y. Cheung and W. H. K. Lam, “A study of the bi-directional pedestrian flow characteristics in Hong Kong mass transit railway stations”, Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies 2(5), 1607–1619, 1997.
  25. W. H. K. Lam, J. Y. S. Lee and C. Y. Cheung, “A study of the bi-directional pedestrian flow characteristics at Hong Kong signalized crosswalk facilities”, Transportation 29(2), 169–192, 2002. doi:10.1023/A:1014226416702
  26. W. H. K. Lam, J. Y. S. Lee, K. S. Chan and P. K. Goh, “A generalised function for modeling bi-directional flow effects on indoor walkways in Hong Kong”, Transportation Research Part A 37(9), 789–810, 2003. doi:10.1016/S0965-8564(03)00058-2
  27. J. Y. S. Lee and W. H. K. Lam, “Variation of walking speeds on a unidirectional walkway and on a bidirectional stairway”, Transportation Research Record 1982, 122–131, 2006. Cited by section and figure. doi:10.1177/0361198106198200116
  28. S. C. Wong, W. L. Leung, S. H. Chan, W. H. K. Lam, N. H. C. Yung, C. Y. Liu and P. Zhang, “Bidirectional pedestrian stream model with oblique intersecting angle”, Journal of Transportation Engineering 136(3), 234–242, 2010. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000086
  29. P. Tofiło, M. Cisek and K. Łącki, “The study on the effects of the counter-flow on the evacuation of people from tall buildings”, in U. Weidmann, U. Kirsch and M. Schreckenberg (eds.), Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2012, Springer, Cham, 2014, pp. 509–520. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02447-9_42
  30. I. Cłapa, M. Cisek, P. Tofiło and M. Dziubiński, “Firefighters ascending and evacuation speeds during counter flow on staircase”, Safety Science 78, 35–40, 2015. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2015.04.002
  31. Transportation Research Board, Highway Capacity Manual 2000, National Research Council, Washington, DC, 2000. ISBN 978-0-309-06681-5.
  32. J. Zhang, W. Klingsch, A. Schadschneider and A. Seyfried, “Ordering in bidirectional pedestrian flows and its influence on the fundamental diagram”, Journal of Statistical Mechanics P02002, 2012. doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2012/02/P02002
  33. T. Kretz, A. Grünebohm, M. Kaufman, F. Mazur and M. Schreckenberg, “Experimental study of pedestrian counterflow in a corridor”, Journal of Statistical Mechanics P10001, 2006. doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2006/10/P10001
  34. X. Liu, W. Song and W. Lv, “Empirical data for pedestrian counterflow through bottlenecks in the channel”, Transportation Research Procedia 2, 34–42, 2014. doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2014.09.006
  35. C. Feliciani, H. Murakami and K. Nishinari, “A universal function for capacity of bidirectional pedestrian streams: filling the gaps in the literature”, PLOS ONE 13(12), e0208496, 2018. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0208496
  36. Thunderhead Engineering, Pathfinder Technical Reference, section “SFPE”, version 2026.1. thunderheadeng.com/docs/2026-1/pathfinder/appendices/technical-reference/sfpe
  37. L. G. Chalmet, R. L. Francis and P. B. Saunders, “Network models for building evacuation”, Management Science, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 86–105, 1982. doi:10.1287/mnsc.28.1.86
  38. W. Grosshandler, N. Bryner, D. Madrzykowski and K. Kuntz, Report of the Technical Investigation of The Station Nightclub Fire, NIST NCSTAR 2, Vol. I, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, June 2005. Printed page numbers; §6.6 (egress simulations), p. 6-25; Table 6-2 lists the results of the evacuation models.
  39. W. Grosshandler, N. Bryner, D. Madrzykowski and K. Kuntz, Report of the Technical Investigation of The Station Nightclub Fire: Appendices, NIST NCSTAR 2, Vol. II, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, June 2005. Appendix L, “Computer Simulation Input Files”, pp. L-1 to L-6, gives the input of buildingEXODUS and Simulex.

SFPE Handbook editions

The hydraulic values used here are the same in the 5th edition [13] and the 6th edition [1]; only the numbering changed. The EvacuatioNZ documents [2, 3] quote the 5th edition. Corresponding numbers:

5th edition [13]6th edition [1]
Table 59.1 (boundary layers)Table 67.1
Table 59.2 (speed constants)Table 67.2
Eq. 59.5 (speed)Eq. 67.3
Eq. 59.7 (specific flow)Eq. 67.6
Eq. 59.10 (passage time)Eq. 67.9
Table 59.5 (maximum specific flow)Table 67.5
Last updated on
EvacuatioNZ